Global Energy Balance References

	Smoke from Burning Vegetation.
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	Ball, R.J. and G.D. Robinson, 1982: The origin of haze in the Central United States and its effect on solar radiation. J. Appl. Meteor, 21, 171 - 188.
	Bradley, R.S.,1988: The explosive volcanic eruption signal in northern hemisphere continental temperature records. Clim.Change, 12, 221-243.
	Cess, R. D., et al., 1992: Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Science, 255, 423-430.
	Coakley, J.A. Jr., and P. Chylek, 1975: The two stream approximation in radiative transfer: including the angle of the incident radiation. J.Atmos. Sci.., 46, 249-261.
	Coakley, J.A. Jr., R.L. Bernstein and P.A. Durkee, 1987: Effect of ship-stack effluents on cloud reflectivity . Science, 237, 1020-1022.
	Coulson, K.L., 1988: Polarization and intensity of light in the atmosphere. A.Deepak Publishing, Hampton, VA, USA.
	Derwent, R.G., 1990: Trace gases and their relative contribution to the greenhouse effect. Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Oxon, Report AERE- R13716.
	Eddy. J.A., 1977: Climate and the changing sun. Clim. Change. 1,173-190.
	Fisher, D.A., C.H. Hales, W-C. Wang, M.K.W. Ko and N.D. Sze, 1990: Model calculations of the relative effects of CFCs and their replacements on global warming. Nature, 344, 513-516.
	Folland, C.K., D.E. Parker and F.E. Kates, 1984: Worldwide marine temperature fluctuations 1856-1981. Nature, 310, 670-673.
	Foukal, P.and J. Lean, 1990: An empirical model of total solar irradiance variations between 1874 and 1988. Science, 247, 556-558.
	Gilliland, R.L., 1982: Solar,volcanic and CO2 forcing of recent climatic changes. Clim.Change, 4, 111 - 131.
	Gilliland, R.L. and S.H. Schneider, 1984: Volcanic, CO2 and solar forcing of northern and southern hemisphere surface temperatures. Nature, 310, 38-41.
	Grassl, H., 1988: What are the radiative and climatic consequences of the changing concentration of atmospheric aerosol particles. In The Changing Atmosphere, eds F.S.Rowland and I.S.A.lsaksen, pp 187-199, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
	Grassl, H. and M. Newiger, 1982: Changes of local planetary albedo by aerosol particles. In: Atmospheric Pollution, Studies of Environmental Science, 20, 313-320.
	Hansen, J.E. and A.A. Lacis, 1990: Sun and dust versus the greenhouse. Clim. Change (submitted).
	Hansen, J., A. Lacis and M. Prather, 1989: Greenhouse effect of chlorofluorocarbons and other trace gases. J.Geophys.Res., 94, 16417-16421.
	Hansen,J., D.Johnson, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, P. Lee, D. Rind and G. Russell, 1981: Climate impacts of increasing carbon dioxide. Science, 213, 957-966.
	Hansen, J.,1. Fung, A. Lacis, D. Rind, S. Lebedeff, R. Ruedy and G.Russell, 1988: Global climate changes as forecast by Goddard Institute for Space Studies Three-Dimensional Model. J. Geophys.Res. 93, 9341-9364.
	Hammer, C.U., H.B. Clausen and W. Dansgaard, 1980: Greenland ice sheet evidence of postglacial volcanism and its climatic impact. Nature, 288, 230-235.
	Hough, A.M. and R.G. Derwent ,1990: Changes in the global concentration of tropospheric ozone due to human activities. Nature, 344, 645-648.
	Henderson-Sellers, A. and V. Gornitz, 1984: Possible climatic impacts of land cover transformations with particular emphasis on tropical deforestation. Clim.Change, 6, 231-257.
	Husson, N., 1990: Compilation of references to the spectroscopic data base for greenhouse gases. WMO (To be published).
	Kelly, P.M. and T.M.L. Wigley, 1990: The relative contribution of greenhouse and solar forcing to observed trends in global mean temperature. Submitted to Nature.
	Lacis, A.A., D.J. Wuebbles and J.A. Logan, 1990: Radiative forcing of global climate changes in the vertical distribution of ozone. J. Geophys. Res. (to appear).
	Lashof, D.A. and D.R. Ahuja, 1990: Relative contributions of greenhouse gas emissions to global warming. Nature, 344, 529-531.
	Luther, F.M. and Y. Fouquart, 1984: The Intercomparison of Radiation Codes in Climate Models (ICRCCM). World Climate Programme Report WCP-93, WMO, Geneva.
	Marshall Institute, 1989: Scientific Perspectives on the Greenhouse Problem. Ed. F.Seitz. Marshall Institute, Washington D.C.
	Mass, C.F. and D.A. Portman, 1989: Major volcanic eruptions and climate: A critical evaluation. J.Climate, 2, 566-593.
	Porter, S.C., 1987: Pattern and forcing of the northern hemisphere glacier variations during the last millennium. Quart. Res., 26, 27-48.
	Prather, M.J. and R.T. Watson, 1990: Stratospheric ozone depletion and future levels of atmospheric chlorine and bromine. Nature, 344, 729-734.
	Radke, L.F., J.A. Coakley, Jr., and M.D. King, 1990: Direct and remote sensing observations of the effects of ships on clouds. Science (submitted for publication).
	Ramanathan, V., 1988: The greenhousetheory of climate change: A test by inadvertent global experiment. Science, 240, 293-299.
	Ramanathan, V., R.J. Cicerone, H.B. Singh and J.T. Kiehl, 1985: Trace gas trends and their potential role in climate change. J.Geophys. Res., 90, 5547-5566.
	Ramanathan, V., L. Callis, R. Cess, J. Hansen, I. Isaksen, W. Kuhn, A. Lacis, F. Luther, J. Mahlman, R. Reck and M. Schlesinger, 1987: Climate-chemical interactions and effects of changing atmospheric trace gases. Rev. Geophys., 25, 1441-1482.
	Ramanathan, V., et al. 1989: Cloud-radiative forcing and climate: results from the earth radiation budget experiment. Science 6, 57-63.
	Reid, G.C., 1987: Influence of solar variability on global sea surface temperature. Nature, 329, 142-143.
	Rind, D., D. Peteet and G. Kukla, 1989: Can Milankovitch orbital variations initiate the growth of ice sheets in circulation model? J.Geophys.Res., 94, 12851 - 12871.
	Rodhe, H., 1990: A comparison of the contribution of various gases to the greenhouse effect, Science (to appear).
	Sagan, C., O.B. Toon and J.B. Pollack, 1979: Anthropogenic albedo changes and the Earth's climate. Science, 206, 1363-1368.
	Schneider, S.H. and C. Mass, 1975: Volcanic dust, sunspots and temperature trends. Science, 190, 741-746.
	Schonwiese, C.D., 1988: Volcanic activity parameters and volcanism-climate relationships within the recent centuries. Atmosfera, 1, 141-156.
	Schwartz, Stephen E., 1993: Comparing the Global Heating and Cooling from Fossil Fuel Combustion. DOE Research Summary, No. 28
	SCOPE, 1986: The Greenhouse Effect, Climatic Change and Ecosystems. Edited by B.Bolin, B.R.Doos, J.Jager and R.A.Warrick, SCOPE 29, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
	Seigenthaler, U., 1983: Uptake of excess CO2 by an outcrop diffusion model of the ocean. J.Geophys.Res., 88, 3599-3608.
	Somerville, R.C.J., et al., 1984: Cloud optical thickness feedbacks in the CO2 climate problem. Journal of Geophysical Research 89 9668-9672.
	Spaenkuch, D., 1978: The variation of the shortwave radiation balance of the Earth-atmosphere system with increasing turbidity. Z.Meteor., 28, 199-207.
	Thompson, A.M., R.W. Stewart, M.A. Owens and J.A.Herwehe, 1989: Sensitivity of tropospheric oxidants to global chemical and climate change. Atmos. Environ., 23, 519-532.
	Twomey, S.A., 1977: Atmospheric Aerosols. Elsevier, Amsterdam .
	Twomey, S.A., M. Piepgrass and T.L. Wolfe, 1984: An assessment of the impact of pollution on global cloud albedo. Tellus 36B, 356-366.
	UNEP, 1989: Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone, Nairobi.
	Wang, W-C. and N.D. Sze, 1980: Coupled effects of atmospheric N2O and O3 Earth's climate. Nature, 286, 589-590.
	Wang, W. C., X. Z. Liang, M. P. Dudek, D. Pollard and S. L. Thompson. Atmospheric ozone as a climate gas. Atmospheric Research 37, 247-256.
	Wang, W-C., G-Y. Shi and J.T. Kiehl, 1990: Incorporation of the thermal radiative effect of CH4, N2O, CF2Cl2 and CFCl3 into the NCAR Community Climate Model. J.Geophys.Res (to appear).
	Wigley, T.M.L., 1987: Relativecontributions of different trace gases to the greenhouse effect. Climate Monitor, 16, 14-29.
	Wigley, T.M.L., 1988: The climate of the past 10000 years and the role of the Sun. In Secular solar and geomagnetic variations in the last 10000 years edited by F.R.Stephenson and A.W. Wolfendale, 209-224, Kluwer.
	Wigley, T.M.L., 1989: Possible climate change due to SO2 derived cloud condensation nuclei. Nature, 339, 365-367.
	Wigley, T.M.L. and P.M. Kelly, 1990: Holocene climatic change, 14C wiggles and variations in solar irradiance. Phil.Trans.R.Soc.London. A330, 547-560.
	Wigley, T.M.L. and S.C.B. Raper, 1990: Climatic change due to solar irradiance changes. Geophys.Res.Lett. (to appear).
	igley, T.M.L., P.D. Jones and P.M. Kelly, 1986: Warm World Scenarios and the Detection of Climatic Changed Induced by Radiatively Active Gases. In The Greenhouse Effect, Climatic Change and Ecosystems, Edited by B.Bolin, B.R.Doos, J.Jager and R.A. Warrick, SCOPE 29, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
	Willson, R.C. and H.S. Hudson, 1988: Solar luminosity variations in Solar Cycle 21. Nature, 332, 810-812.
	WMO 1985: Atmospheric ozone 1985: World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report No 16. WMO Geneva.
	Wuebbles, D.J, 1989: Beyond CO2 - the other greenhouse gases. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, Report UCRL 99883; also Air and Waste Management Assoc. paper 89-119.
	Wuebbles, D.J., K.E. Grant, P.S. Connell, and J.E. Penner, 1989: The role of atmospheric chemistry in climate change. J. Air Poll. Control Assoc. 39, 22-28.