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1-13: Impact of Clouds on the Radiation Balance

Short Summaries of Recent Research

• Aerosol Contribution to Energy Balance
  
  
• Improving Representation of Clouds in Climate Models
  
  
• Volcanoes Reduce Atmospheric CO₂
  
  

Websites

• Introduction to Clouds
  
  
• Goodbye Sunshine
  
  
• The Cooling Factors
  
  

Additional References

• Gilles, J., 2005: The dustiest place on Earth. Nature, 434, 816-819.
  
  
• Penner, J.E., 2004: The cloud connundrum. Nature, 432, 962-963.
  
  
• Ackerman, A S. , M.P. Kirkpatrick, D.E. Stevens, and O.B. Toon, 2004: The impact of humidity above stratiform clouds on indirect aerosol climate forcing. Nature, 432, 1014-1017.
  
  
• Gao, R.S., 2004: Evidence that nitric acid increases relative humidity in low-temperature cirrus clouds. Science, 303, 516-520.
  
  
• Liepert, B., 2002: Observed Reductions of Surface Solar Radiation at Sites in the US and Worldwide. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1421-1433.
  
  
• Roderick, M. and G. Farquhar, 2002: The Cause of Decreased Pan Evaporation Over the Past 50 Years. Science, 298, 1410-1411.
  
  
• Stanhill, G. and S. Cohen, 2001: Global Dimming: A Review of the Evidence. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 107, 255-278.
  
  
• Karl, T.R., and K.E. Trenberth, 2003: Modern global climate change. Science, 302, 1719-1723.
  
  
• Toon, O. B., 2003: African dust in Florida clouds. Nature, 424, 623-624
  
  
• Carslaw, K. S., R. G. Harrison, and J. Kirkby, 2002: Cosmic rays, clouds, and climate. Science, 298, 1732-1737.
  
  
• Zielinski, G. A., P. A. Mayewski, L. D. Meeker, S. Whitlow, M. S. Twickler and K. Taylor,, 1996: Potential Atmospheric Imapct of the Toba Mega-Eruption ~71,000 Years Ago. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 837-840.
  
  
• Houghton, J. T., L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, 1996: Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 200-210.
  
  
• Minnis, P., et al, 1993: Radiative climate forcing by the Mount Pinatubo eruption. Science, 259, 1411-1416.
  
  
• Houghton, J.T., G.J. Jenkins, J.J. Ephraums, eds, 1990: 1990 Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 61-67.
  
  
• Wetherald, R. T. and S. Manabe, 1988: Cloud Feedback Processes in a General Circulation Model. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 45, 1397-1415.
  
  
• Wetherald, R. T. and S. Manabe, 1980: Cloud Cover and Climate Sensitivity. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 37, 1485-1510.