1-12: Global Energy Balance, Radiative Forcing

Figure 2 - Solar and terrestrial radiation balance. (CALMET '95, AL Working group of SCHOTI.)

Figure 3 - Albedos for the shortwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Figure 4 - Absorption spectra for major natural greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere. (After J. N. Howard, 1959: Proc. I.R.E. 47, 1459; and R. M. Goody and G.D. Robinson, 1951: Quart. H. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 77, (153)

Figure 5 - Expressions used to derive radiative forcing for past trends and future scenarios of greenhouse gas concentrations. Adapted from Houghton, J.T., G.J. Jenkins, J.J. Ephraums, eds, 1990: 1990 Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.

Figure 6 - Radiative forcing relative to CO₂ per unit molecule change. Adapted from Houghton, J.T., G.J. Jenkins, J.J. Ephraums, eds, 1990: 1990 Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.

Figure 7 - Radiative forcing of a number of CFCs. Adapted from Houghton, J.T., G.J. Jenkins, J.J. Ephraums, eds, 1990: 1990 Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.

Figure 8 - Decadal contributions to radiative forcing due to increases in greenhouse gas concentrations for periods between 1765 and 1990. Houghton, J.T., G.J. Jenkins, J.J. Ephraums, eds, 1990: 1990 Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.Figure 2.3, page 55.

Figure 9 - Changes in radiative forcing due to increases in greenhouse gas concentrations between 1765 and 1990. Houghton, J.T., G.J. Jenkins, J.J. Ephraums, eds, 1990: 1990 Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.Figure 2.2, page 55.

Figure 10 - Comparison of Enhanced Greenhouse Forcing with other Radiative Influences.

Figure 11 - Reconstructed solar irradiance from 1874-1988. Houghton, J.T., G.J. Jenkins, J.J. Ephraums, eds, 1990: 1990 Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.

Figure 12 - Global warming climate runs with CO₂ and sulfate aerosols (A consortium for the Application of Climate Impact Assessments).

Figure 13 - Comparing the global heating and cooling from fossil fuel combustion. DOE research summary, December, 1993, CDIAC.

Figure 14 - Effect of volcanoes on solar radiation reaching the Earth. Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (NOAA).

Related Class Images

Comparison of modeled and observed lower atmosphere temperature following a major volcanic eruption. From J. Hansen et al., National Geographic Research and Exploration, vol 9, no 2, pp 142-158, 1993.

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