1-10: Ocean Structure and Circulation

Short Summaries of Recent Research

• Hurricanes are Getting More Powerful
  
  
• Collapse of Antarctic Ice Sheet was Accelerated by Global Warming
  
  
• More Hurricanes?
  
  
• Fish Seeking Cooler Water Due to Global Warming
  
  
• Global Warming Affects Plankton Distribution in the Atlantic Ocean
  
  
• Where Has All the Carbon Gone?
  
  
• Hypoxia from Natural Sources in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
  
  
• Vertical Circulation in the Atlantic Ocean Triggers Rapid Climate Change
  
  
• Ocean Fertilization with Iron Leads to Long-Lasting Blooms
  
  
• Heat Accumulating in the Pacific Ocean
  
  
• Increased Water Cycling in the North Atlantic Ocean
  
  
• Oceans Become More Acidic as Atmospheric CO₂ Increases
  
  
• Warming Started in the Southern Hemisphere
  
  
• Which Hemisphere Initiated the Warming that Terminated the Last Ice Age?
  
  
• Excess Greenhouse Gases may be Responsible for Drought
  
  
• Energy from Tides and Underwater Currents
  
  
• Role of the North Atlantic Oscillation due to Carbon Uptake by the North Atlantic Ocean
  
  
• Solid Methane on the Ocean Floor
  
  
• More Fresh Water in the Arctic Ocean
  
  
• Thermohaline Circulation
  
  
• Measurements of Ocean Current Velocity
  
  
• Engineering Solution to Reducing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Raises Serious Environmental Problems
  
  
• Excess Heat in the Ocean
  
  
• Burying CO₂ in the Deep Ocean
  
  
• One Small Ice Shelf Dies, One Giant Iceberg Born
  
  

Websites

• Failing Ocean Current Raises Fears of Mini Ice Age
  
  
• Emission Cuts 'Vital' for Oceans
  
  
• Visible Earth
  
  
• Ocean Surface Topography from Space
  
  
• Oxygen Depletion in Coastal Waters
  
  
• The Great Ocean Conveyor Belt
  
  
• Oceans and Coastal Resources: A Briefing Book
  
  
• 1998 Conference of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment
  
  
• NOAA Oceanography Resources on the Internet
  
  
• The Scripps Institution of Oceanography International Research Institute
  
  
• Sea Surface Temperature from 1981 to Present
  
  
• Current Ocean Temperatures
  
  

Additional References

• Sutton, R. T., and D. L. R. Hodson, 2005: Atlantic Ocean forcing of North American and European summer climate. Science, 309, 115-118.
  
  
• Nunes, F., and R.D. Norris, 2006: Abrupt reversal in ocean overturning during the Palaeocene/Eocene warm period. Nature, 439, 60-63.
  
  
• Stocker, T. F., and C. C. Raible, 2005: Water cycle shifts gear. Nature, 434, 830-833.
  
  
• Scudder, T., 2005: The Future of Large Dams: Dealing with the Social, Environmental and Political Costs. Earthscan, 432 pp.
  
  
• Tarasov, L., and W.R. Peltier, 2005: Arctic freshwater forcing of the Younger Dryas cold reversal. Nature, 435, 662-665. Doi:10.1038/nature03617.
  
  
• Hansen, J., and Co-authors, 2005: Earth's energy imbalance: Confirmation and implications. Science, 308, 1431-1435.
  
  
• Stocker, T.F. and C.C. Raible, 2005: Water cycle shifts gear. Nature, 434, 830-833.
  
  
• Weaver, A.J., and C. Hillaire-Marcel, 2004: Global warming and the next ice age. Science, 304, 400-402.
  
  
• Laxon, S., N. Peacock, and D. Smith, 2003: High interannual variability of sea ice thickness in the Arctic region. Nature, 425, 947-950.
  
  
• Clarke, G., D. Leverington, J. Teller, and A. Dyke, 2003: Superlakes, megafloods, and abrupt climate change. Science, 301, 922-923.
  
  
• Broecker, W. S., 2003: Does the trigger for abrupt climate change reside in the ocean or in the atmosphere? Science, 300, 1519-1522.
  
  
• Gates, N. R., R. C. Pequignet, R. J. Johnson, and N. Gruber, 2002: A short-term sink for atmospheric CO₂ in subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 420, 489-493.
  
  
• Boyle, E., 2002: Oceanic salt switch. Science, 298, 1724-1725.
  
  
• Adkins, J. F., K. McIntyre, and D. P. Schrag, 2002: The salinity, temperature, and d^18O of the glacial deep ocean. Science, 298, 1769-1773.
  
  
• del Giorgio, P. A., and C. M. Duarte, 2002: Respiration in the open ocean. Nature, 420, 379-384.
  
  
• Levin, l. A., 2002: Deep-ocean life where oxygen is scarce. Amer. Sci., 90, 436-444.
  
  
• Bower, A. S., B. Le Cann, T. Rossby, W. Zenk, J. Gould, K. Speer, P.L. Richardson, M. D. Prater, and H.-M. Zhang, 2002: Directly measured mid-depth circulation in the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 419, 603-607.
  
  
• Visbeck, 2002: The ocean's role in Atlantic climate variability. Science, 297, 2223-2224.
  
  
• Rozema, J. B. van Geel, L. O. Bjorn, J. Lean, and S. Madronich, 2002: Toward solving the UV puzzle. Science, 296, 1621-1622.
  
  
• McPhaden, M. J. and D. Zhang, 2002: Slowdown of the meridonal overturning circulation in the upper Pacific Ocean. Nature, 415, 603-608, 210-217.
  
  
• Clark, P. U., J. X. Mitrovica, G. A. Milne, and M. E. Tamisiea, 2002: Sea-level fingerprinting as a direct test for the source of global meltwater pulse 1A. Science, 295, 2438-2341
  
  
• Sabadini, R., 2002: Ice sheet collapse and sea level change. Science, 295, 2376-2377
  
  
• Rignot, E., and S. S. Jacobs, 2002: Rapid bottom melting widespread near Antarctic ice sheet grounding lines. Science, 296, 2020-2022.
  
  
• Hansen, B., W. R. Turrell, and S. Osterhus, 2001: Decreasing overflow from the Nordic Seas into the Atlantic Ocean through the Faroe Bank channel since 1950. Nature, 411, 927-930.
  
  
• C. Hillaire-Marcel, A. de Vernal, G. Bilodeau, and A. J. Weaver, 2001: Absence of deep-water formation in the Labrador Sea during the last interglacial period. Nature, 410, 1073-1077.
  
  
• Kerr, R. A., 2000: A North Atlantic climate pacemaker for the centuries. Science, 288, 1984-1986.
  
  
• Yoder, James A., 2000: Terra's view of the sea. Science, 288, 1979-1980.
  
  
• Derr, R. A., 1998: Warming's unpleasant surprise: Shivering in the greenhouse? Science, 281, 156-158.
  
  
• Malakoff, David, 1998: Death by suffocation in the Gulf of Mexico. Science, 281, 190-192.
  
  
• J. A. McGowan, D. R. Cayan, and L. M. Dorman, 1998: Climate-ocean variability and ecosystem response in the northeast Pacific. Science, 281, 210-217.
  
  
• Falkowski, P. G., R. T. Barber, and V. Smetacek, 1998: Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production. Science, 281, 200-206.
  
  
• Jickells, T. D., 1998: Nutrient biogeochemistry of the coastal zone. Science, 281, 217-222.
  
  
• Kerr, R., 1997: A New Driver for the Atlantic's Moods and Europe's Weather. Science, 7 February 1997.
  
  
• Houghton, J. T., L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, 1996: Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 210-216, 489-504.
  
  
• Semtner, Albert J. 1995: Modeling ocean circulation. Science, 269, 1379-1385.
  
  
• Parilla, G., et al., 1994: Rising temperatures in the North Atlantic ocean over the past 35 years. Nature, 369, 48-51.
  
  
• Open University Course Team, 1989: Ocean Circulation. Pergamon Press, Oxford: 238 pp.
  
  
• Steele, J.H., 1989: The message from the oceans. Oceanus, 32, 5-9.
  
  
• Gordon, A. L., 1988: The southern ocean and global climate. Oceanus, 31, 39-46.
  
  
• Tolmazin, David, 1985: Elements of Dynamic Oceanography. Allen and Unwin Publishers, Inc., Winchester, MA: 181 pp.
  
  
• Perry, A.H., and J. M. Walker, 1977: The Ocean-Atmosphere System. Longman, Inc., New York: 160 pp.