Updated summary (Print text for offline review; images only)

1-12: Global Energy Balance

Short Summaries of Recent Research

• A Positive Feedback in the Arctic
  
  
• Aerosol Contribution to Energy Balance
  
  
• Changes in Arctic Ice Measured by Satellite
  
  
• Global Warming More Easily Detected by Downward Longwave Radiation
  
  
• Heat Accumulating in the Pacific Ocean
  
  
• Amazon Fires Cause Changes in Cloud Droplet Formation and Stratospheric Water and Particulate Levels
  
  
• El Niño Responses to Volcanoes
  
  
• African Droughts Increase Dust in the Caribbean
  
  
• Solar Variations as a Source of Climate Change
  
  
• Improving Representation of Clouds in Climate Models
  
  
• Biomass Burning Contributes to Stratospheric Sulfate Particles
  
  
• Volcanoes Reduce Atmospheric CO₂
  
  
• Soot Leads to both Warming and Cooling of Regional Climate
  
  
• Impact of Aerosol on the Hydrological Cycle
  
  
• Cool It!
  
  

Websites

• Observations of a "Weekend Effect" in Diurnal Temperature Range
  
  
• Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations
  
  
• Clouds Caused by Aircraft Exhaust May Warm the U.S. Climate
  
  
• Volcanic Sulfur Aerosols Affect Global Climate and the Earth's Ozone Layer
  
  
• Introduction to the Global Climate System
  
  
• Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos
  
  
• Goodbye Sunshine
  
  
• The Greenhouse Effect
  
  
• The Main Greenhouse Gases
  
  
• The Cooling Factors
  
  
• Lean, Judith, and David Rind, 1996: The Sun and Climate. Consequences, 2(1), 26-36.
  
  
• The very latest SOHO images
  
  

Additional References

• Ramaswamy, V., and Co-authors, 2006: Anthropogenic and natural influences in the evolution of lower stratospheric cooling. Science, 311, 1138-1141.
  
  
• Charleson, R. J., F. P. J. Valero, and J. H. Seinfeld, 2005: In search of balance. Science, 308, 806-807.
  
  
• Wielicki, B. A., T. Wong, N. Loeb, P. Minnis, K. Priestley, and R. Kandel, 2005: Changes in Earth's albedo measured by satellite. Science, 308, 825.
  
  
• Wild, M., and Co-authors, 2005: From dimming to brightening: Decadal changes in solar radiation at Earth's surface. Science, 308, 847-850.
  
  
• Pinker, R. T., B. Zhang, and E. G. Dutton, 2005: Do satellites detect trends in surface solar radiation? Science, 308, 850-854.
  
  
• Kerr, R. A., 2005: Changes in the sun may sway the tropical monsoon. Science, 308, 787.
  
  
• Gilles, J., 2005: The dustiest place on Earth. Nature, 434, 816-819.
  
  
• Hansen, J., and Co-authors, 2005: Earth's energy imbalance: Confirmation and implications. Science, 308, 1431-1435.
  
  
• Lean, Judith, 2005: Living with a variable sun. Physics Today, June 2005, 32-38.
  
  
• Venkataraman, C., G. Habib, A. Eiguren-Fernadez, A.H. Miguel, and S.K. Friedlander, 2005: Residential biofuels in South Asia: Carbonaceous aerosol emissions and climate impacts. Science, 307, 1454-1456.
  
  
• Osborn, T.J., 2004: The real color of climate change? Science, 306, 621-622.
  
  
• Foukal, P., G. North, and T. Wigley, 2004: A stellar view on solar variations and climate. Science, 306, 68-69.
  
  
• Solanki, S.K., I.G. Usoskin, B. Kromer, M. Schussler, and J. Beer, 2004: Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to previous 11,000 years. Nature, 431, 1084-1087.
  
  
• Jacobson, M.Z., 2004: The short-term cooling but long-term global warming due to biomass burning. J. Climate, 17, 2909-2926.
  
  
• Palle, E., P.R, Goode, P. Montanes-Rodriguez, and S.E. Koonin, 2004: Changes in Earth's reflectance over the past two decades. Science, 304, 1299-1301.
  
  
• Liepert, B., 2002: Observed Reductions of Surface Solar Radiation at Sites in the US and Worldwide. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1421-1433.
  
  
• Roderick, M. and G. Farquhar, 2002: The Cause of Decreased Pan Evaporation Over the Past 50 Years. Science, 298, 1410-1411.
  
  
• Stanhill, G. and S. Cohen, 2001: Global Dimming: A Review of the Evidence. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 107, 255-278.
  
  
• Karl, T.R., and K.E. Trenberth, 2003: Modern global climate change. Science, 302, 1719-1723.
  
  
• Anderson, T. L. R. J. Charlson, S. E. Schwartz, R. Knutti, O. Boucher, H. Rodhe, and J. Heintzenberg, 2003: Climate forcing by aerosols - a hazy picture. Science, 300, 1103-1104.
  
  
• Lucht, W., I. C. Prentice, R. B. Myneni, S. Sitch, P. Friedlingstein, W. Cramer, P. Bousquet, W. Buermann, and B. Smith, 2002: Climatic control of the high latitude vegetation greening trend and Pinatubo effect. Science, 296, 1687-1689.
  
  
• Shindell, D.T., B.A.Schmidt, M. E. Mann, D. Rind, and A. Waple, 2001: Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum. Science, 294, 21249-2152.
  
  
• Haigh, J., 2001: Climate variability and the influence of the sun. Science, 294, 2109-2111.
  
  
• Ramanathan, V., P.J. Crutzen, J. T. Kiehl, and D. Rosenfeld, 2001: Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle. Science, 294, 2119-2124.
  
  
• Houghton, J. T., L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, 1996: Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 58, 90-96.
  
• Erickson, David J., et al., 1995: Climate Response to Indirect Anthropogenic Sulfate Forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2017-2020.
  
  
• Chuang, C. C., et al. 1994: Effects of Anthropogenic Sulfate on Cloud Drop Nucleation and Optical Properties. Tellus, 47B, 566-577.
  
  
• Boucher, O. 1994: The Sulfate-CCN-Cloud Albedo Effect. Tellus, 47B, 281-287.
  
  
• Kiehl, J. T., et al. 1993: The Relative roles of Sulfate Aerosols and Greenhouse Gases in Climate Forcing. Science, 260, 311-314.
  
  
• Houghton, J.T., G.J. Jenkins, J.J. Ephraums, eds, 1990: 1990 Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 45-61.
  
  
• Charlson, R. J., et al. 1987: Oceanic Phytoplankton, Atmospheric Sulfur, Cloud Albedo and Climate. Nature, 326, 655-661.
  
  
• Myre, G. and A. Myre, 2003: Uncertainties in Radiative Forcing Due to Surface Albedo Changes Caused by Land-use Changes. J. Climate, 16, 1511-1524.