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1-5: Carbon Cycle, Methane

Short Summaries of Recent Research

• Atmospheric Concentrations of Methane Leveling Off
  
  
• Corporations Turn Green in Anticipation of Government Regulation
  
  
• Global Warming Causes Soil to Give Up Carbon
  
  
• The Carbon Dioxide Cost of Traveling
  
  
• Global Warming Affects Plankton Distribution in the Atlantic Ocean
  
  
• Fertilization of Arctic Soils Produces a Positive Feedback to Global Warming
  
  
• Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Budget for the Anthropocene (1800 to 1994) and for the Period 1980 to 1999
  
  
• Is Sudden Warming at the Beginning of the Eocene an Analog for Current Global Warming?
  
  
• Where Has All the Carbon Gone?
  
  
• Bloom Doesn't Last Long
  
  
• Ocean Fertilization with Iron Leads to Long-Lasting Blooms
  
  
• Contributions of Fires to Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels
  
  
• Amazonian Rainforests, Even Undisturbed by Humans, are Undergoing Change.
  
  
• Amazon Fires Cause Changes in Cloud Droplet Formation and Stratospheric Water and Particulate Levels
  
  
• Leaves Fall Off and Decay, but What do Roots do?
  
  
• Nitrogen for Enhanced Biosphere Uptake of CO₂
  
  
• Oceans Become More Acidic as Atmospheric CO₂ Increases
  
  
• Update on Ocean Fertilization to Absorb CO₂
  
  
• Increased CO₂ and Increased Temperature: Which Came First?
  
  
• Role of the North Atlantic Oscillation due to Carbon Uptake by the North Atlantic Ocean
  
  
• Solid Methane on the Ocean Floor
  
  
• Impact on Plants caused by Multiple Global Changes
  
  
• Impact on Grasslands of Changes in Rainfall Variability
  
  
• Loss of Soil Carbon in a Warmer Climate
  
  
• Contribution of Major Wildfires to Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
  
  
• Methane Hydrate for Fuel
  
  
• Carbon Cycle Update
  
  
• Amazonian Rivers as a Source of Carbon Dioxide
  
  
• Fertilizing the Ocean with Iron Proponents.
  
  
• Global warming is here and we need to do something about it
  
  
• Engineering Solution to Reducing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Raises Serious Environmental Problems
  
  
• Burying CO₂ in the Deep Ocean
  
  
• Global Warming slows vegetative decay
  
  
• Global Warming Increases Loss of Peat from Peatlands
  
  
• Carbon Dioxide Variations have a Key Role in Creating Ice Ages
  
  
• Kyoto Protocol Requirements
  
  
• How Much Carbon Could They Hold?
  
  
• Ocean Sequestration of CO₂
  
  
• Large Sink for Atmospheric Carbon in North America
  
  
• Long-term agroecosystem experiments
  
  

Websites

• Emission Cuts 'Vital' for Oceans
  
  
• The Cost of US Forest-based Carbon Sequestration (PDF File)
  
  
• UK to Pump Greenhouse Gas Under Sea
  
  
• Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations
  
  
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
  
  
• The Carbon Cycle
  
  
• Carbon Cycle
  
  
• One gallon of gasoline requires 98 tons of buried prehistoric plant material
  
  
• Carbon Sequestration R&D Overview
  
  
• Novel Sequestration Concepts
  
  
• Terrestrial Sequestration Research
  
  
• Ocean Sequestration Research
  
  
• Geologic Sequestration Research
  
  
• Carbon Capture Research
  
  
• The Climate Conditions during the Triassic Period
  
  
• The North American Carbon Program Plan (NACP)
  
  
• Depositing Carbon in the Soil Bank
  
  
• CO₂ Concentrations in the Atmosphere
  
  
• The Debate on Whether CO₂ Consuming Trees Should Provide Credits Aginst the Amount of Greenhouse Gases Countries are Allowed to Emit.
  
  
• Global atmospheric concentration of CO₂.
  
  
• CO₂ emissions from industrial processes
  
  
• CO₂ emissions from land use change
  
  
• The present carbon cycle
  
  
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  
  
• An Elementary Discussion of Ocean Carbon. (From Sea WiFS: Studying Ocean Color From Space).
  
  
• Fact Sheet: Greenhouse Gases and Global Climate Change.
  
  
• Saline Aquifer CO₂ storage (SACS)
  
  
• The Biology Department at Whitman College.
  
  
• Glossary: Carbon Dioxide and Climate
  
  
• Methane is a Potent Greenhouse Gas (From EPA)
  
  

Additional References

• Heath, J. and Co-Authors, 2005: Rising atmospheric CO2 reduces sequestration of root-derived soil carbon. Science, 309, 1711-1713.
  
  
• Ferretti, D. F, and Co-Authors,2005: Unexpected changes to the global methane budget over the past 2000 years. Science, 309, 1714-1718.
  
  
• Pagani, M., J. C. Zachos, K. H. Freeman, B. Tipple, and S. Bohaty, 2005: Marked decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the Paleogene. Science, 309, 600-603.
  
  
• Matthews, H.D., A.J. Weaver, and K.J. Meissner, 2005: Terrestrial carbon cycle dynamics under recent and future climate change. J. Climate, 18, 1609-1628.
  
  
• Jenkyns, H.C., A. Forster, S. Schouten, and J.S.S. Damste, 2004: High temperatures in the late cretaceous Arctic Ocean. Nature, 432, 888-892.
  
  
• Atkinson, A., V. Siegel, E. Pakhomov, and P. Rothery, 2004: Long-term decline in krill stock and increase and salps within the Southern Ocean. Nature, 432, 100-103.
  
  
• Lal, R., M. Griffin, J. Apt, L. Lave, and M.G. Morgan, 2004: Managing soil carbon. Science, 304, 393.
  
  
• Hughen, K., S. Lehmen, J. Southon, J. Overpeck, O. Marchal, C. Herring, and J. Turnbull, 2004: ¹⁴C activity and global carbon cycle changes over the past 50,000 years. Science, 303, 202-207.
  
  
• Karl, D.M., E.A. Laws, P.J. Morris, L. Williams, and S. Emerson, 2003: Metabolic balance of the open sea. Nature, 426, 32.
  
  
• Stokstad, E., 2003: Ancient weapons of mass destruction: Methane gas? Science, 301, 1168.
  
  
• Schiermeier, Q., 2003: Gas leak! Nature, 423, 681-682.
  
  
• Agricultural Sources of Greenhouse Gases
  
  
• Dore, J. E., R. Lukas, D. W. Sadler, and D. M. Karl, 2003: Climate-driven changes to the atmospheric CO2 sink in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Nature, 424, 754-757.
  
  
• Raymond, P.A., and J. J. Cole, 2003: Increase in the export of alkalinity from North America's largest river. Science, 301, 88-91.
  
  
• Lackner, K. S., 2003: A guide to CO2 sequestration. Science, 300, 1677-1678.
  
  
• Korner, C., 2003: Slow in, rapid out - carbon flux studies and Kyoto targets. Science, 300, 1242-1243.
  
  
• Schiermeier, Q., 2003: The oresmen. Nature, 421, 109-110.
  
  
• Gates, N. R., R. C. Pequignet, R. J. Johnson, and N. Gruber, 2002: A short-term sink for atmospheric CO₂ in subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 420, 489-493.
  
  
• del Giorgio, P. A., and C. M. Duarte, 2002: Respiration in the open ocean. Nature, 420, 379-384.
  
  
• McDowell, N., 2002: Developing countries to gain from carbon-trading fund. Nature, 420, 4.
  
  
• Jackson, R.B., J.L.Banner, E. B. Jobbagy, W.T. Pockman, and D.H.Wall, 2002: Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands. Nature, 418, 623-626.
  
  
• Morel, A., and D. Antoine, 2002: Small critters - big effects. Science, 296, 1980-1982.
  
  
• Gill, R. A., H. W. Polley, H. B. Johnson, L. J. Anderson, H.Maherali, and R. B. Jackson, 2002: Nonlinear grassland responses to past and future atmospheric CO₂. Nature, 417, 279-282.
  
  
• Elderfield, H., 2002: Carbonic mysteries. Science, 296, 1618-1621.
  
  
• Retallack, G. J., 2001: A 300-million-year record of atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil plant cuticles. Nature, 411, 287-290.
  
  
• Chambers, J.Q., N. Higuchi, E.S. Tribuzy, and S.E. Trumbore, 2001: Carbon sink for a century. Nature, 410, 429.
  
  
• Falkowski, P., et al, 2001: The global carbon cycle: A test of our knowledge of earth as a system. Science, 290, 291-296.
  
  
• Knapp, A. K., and M. D. Smith, 2001: Variation among biomes in temporal dynamics of aboveground primary production. Science, 291, 481-484.
  
  
• Pacala, S. W. et al., 2001: Consistent land- and atmosphere-based U.S. carbon sink estimates. Science, 292, 2316-2320.
  
  
• Fang, J. A. Chen, C. Peng, X. Zhao, and L. Ci, 2001: Changes in forest biomass carbon storage in China between 1949 and 1998. Science, 292, 2320-2322.
  
  
• Fung, I., 2000: Variable carbon sinks. Science, 290, 1313.
  
  
• Kaiser, J., 2000: Soaking up carbon in forests and fields. Science, 290, 922.
  
  
• Bousquet, P., P. Peylin, P. Ciais, C. Le Quere, P. Friedlingstein, and P. P. Tans, 2000: Regional changes in carbon dioxide fluxes of land and oceans since 1980. Science, 290, 1342-1346.
  
  
• Caspersen, J. P., S. W. Pacala. J. C. Jenkins, G. C. Hurtt, P. R. Moorcroft, and R. A. Birdsey, 2000: Contributions of land-use history to carbon accumulation in U.S. forests. Science, 290, 1148-1151.
  
  
• Cox, P. M.,R. A. Betts, C. D. Jones, S. A. Spall, and I. J. Totterdell, 2000: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature, 408, 184-187.
  
  
• Betts, R. A., 2000: Offset of the potential carbon sink from boreal forestation by decreases in surface albedo. Nature, 408, 187-190.
  
  
• Smith, S. D., T. E. Huxman, S. F. Zitzer, T. N. Charlet, D. C. Housman, J. S. Cloeman, L. K. Fenstermaker, J. R. Seemann, and R. S. Nowak, 2000: Elevated CO2 increases productivity and invasive species success in an arid ecosystem. Nature, 408, 6808.
  
  
• Caldeira, K., and P. B. Duffy, 2000: The role of the southern ocean in uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Science, 287, 620-622.
  
  
• Katz, Miriam, E., Dorothy K. Pak, Gerald R. Dickens, and Kenneth G. Miller, 1999: The source and fate of massive carbon input during the latest paleocene thermal maximum. Science, 286, 1531-1533.
  
  
• Macdonald, N. W., D. L. Randlett, and D. R. Zak, 1999: Soil warming and carbon loss from a Lake State Spodosol. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 63, 211-218.
  
  
• Drury, C. F., T. O. Oloya, D. J. McKenney, D. G. Gregorich, C. S. Tan, and C. L. vanLuyk, 1998: Long-term effects of fertilization and rotation on denitrification and soil carbon. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62, 1572-1579.
  
  
• Duarte, C. M., and S. Agusti, 1998: The CO₂ balance of productive aquatic ecosystems. Science, 281, 234-236.
  
  
• Parson, E. A., and D. W. Keith, 1998: Fossil fuels without CO₂ emissions. Science, 282, 1053-1054.
  
  
• McCarty, G. W., N. N. Lyssenko, and J. L. Starr, 1998: Short-term changes in soil carbon and nitrogen pools during tillage management transition. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62, 1564-1571.
  
  
• Rasmussen, P. E., K. W. T. Goulding, J. R. Brown, P. R. Grace, H. H. Janzen, and M. Korschens, 1998: Long-term agroecosystem experiemnts: Assessing agricultural sustainability and global change. Science, 282, 893-896.
  
  
• Tans, P. P., and J. W. C. White, 1998: In balance, with a little help from the plants. Science, 281, 183-184.
  
  
• Falkowski, P. G., R. T. Barber, and V. Smetacek, 1998: Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production. Science, 281, 200-206.
  
  
• Field, C. B., M. J. Behrenfeld, J. T. Randerson, and P. Falkowski, 1998: Primary production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science, 281, 237-240.
  
  
• Asner, G. P., T. R. Seastedt, and A. R. Townsend, 1997: The decoupling of terrestrial carbon and nitrogen cycles. Bioscience, 47, 226-234.
  
  
• Houghton, J. T., L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, 1996: Climate Change 1995.The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 78-82.
  
  
• Johnson, K. A., et al. 1995: Methane Emissions from Cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 2483-2492.
  
  
• Kerr, R., 1994: Methane Increase Put on Pause. Science, 263, 751.
  
  
• Birks, J.W., J.G. Calvert, R.E. Sievers, eds, 1992: The Chemistry of the Atmosphere: Its Impact on Global Change: Chemrawn VII Perspectives and Recommendations. The Agency for International Development, 163 pp.
  
  
• Kling, G. W., et al., 1991: Arctic Lakes and Streams as Gas Conduits to the Atmosphere: Implications for Tundra Carbon Budgets. Science, 251, 298-301.
  
  
• Houghton, J.T., G.J. Jenkins, J.J. Ephraums, eds, 1990: 1990 Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 78-82.
  
  
• Phillips, D.E., A. Wild, and D.S. Lenkinson, 1990: The Soils Contribution to Global Warming. Geographical Magazine, April, 36-38.
  
  
• Post, W.M. T.S. Peng, W.R. Emanuel, S.W. King, V.H. Dale, and D.L. DeAngelis, 1990: The Global Carbon Cycle. Amer. Sci., 78, 310-326.
  
  
• Houghton, J. T., G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums, 1990: Climate Change, The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press. p. 18-23
  
  
• Berner, R.A., 1990: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels over Phanerozoic Time. Science, 249, 1382-1386.
  
  
  
• Fraser, P. J., et al., 1986: Termites and Global Methane: Another Assessment. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 4, 295-310.
  
  
• Seiler W., et al. 1984: Field Studies of Methane Emission From Termite Nests Into the Atmosphere and Measurement of Methane Uptake by Tropical Soils. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 1, 171-186.
  
  
• Goulden, M. L., S. C. Wofsy, J. W. Harden, S. E. Trumbore, P. M. Crill, S. T. Gower, T. Fries, B. C. Daube, S.-M. Fan, D. J. Sutton, A. Bazzaz, and J. W. Munger, 1998: Sensitivity of boreal forest carbon balance to soil thaw. Science, 279, 214-217.
  
  
• Tsuda, A., et al., 2003: A Mesoscale Iron Enrichment in the Western Subarctic Pacific Induces a Large Centric Diatom Bloom. Science, 300, 958-961.
  
  
• Carbon Cycle Modal Excel using Visual Basic for Applications